Keywords are words or short phrases that represent the main ideas in your research topic or question.
When using Google, we use “natural language” searching, which often includes phrases. For example, a natural language search may look like this: “What is the weather like in Indianapolis today?”
However, libraries and databases do not search with natural language, they use keywords. These are the words that authors use when writing about a topic. For our example, our keywords are “weather” and “Indianapolis”.
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MEDIA
Backwards Reference Searching
What it yields:
It looks into the sources that your author referenced. This means the sources have already been vetted by your author for credibility, and you know that they are related to the topic at hand. However, it also means that the sources must have been published before your original source, so you will be retrieving older materials.
How to do it:
Tools to use:
Forward Reference Searching
What it yields:
It looks into the newer sources that have cited your original source. It is a good indicator that the sources will be on related topics and of good quality.
How to do it:
There are several tools to help you identify which newer sources list your original source on their reference page.
Do You Remember ... The Future? by JD Hancock. Used under CC BY 2.0
Tools to use:
To come up with keywords, identify the most important words in your research question or topic.
How do migrant workers affect agricultural economies in America? |
In the research question above, the most important keywords are: "migrant workers," "America, “agricultural economies."
You could start searching the library's databases with just these keywords, but you may need to expand your search by brainstorming related words for each keyword. These could be:
Take a look at the table below to see what other words we could use for 2 of our keywords.
Keyword 1: Migrant workers |
Keyword 2: America |
Broader: Undocumented |
Synonym: USA, United States |
Broader: Immigration |
Broader: North America |
Synonym: Day laborer |
Narrower: California |
As you search for sources using the keywords, you will identify new keywords from abstracts, subject terms, and titles. You can revise your searches with new keywords and continue the process until you find relevant sources.
When using a database, use "OR" to include our broader terms. When we search using OR it brings all relevant sources into our search results. When we use "AND", it allows us to pull sources that include both keywords, which can help us focus our search results on our thesis topic.
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